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Preparing for the Future of HIV/AIDS in Africa - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Preparing for the Future of HIV/AIDS in Africa - Board On Global Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

HIV/AIDS is a catastrophe globally but nowhere more so than in sub-Saharan Africa, which in 2008 accounted for 67 percent of cases worldwide and 91 percent of new infections. The Institute of Medicine recommends that the United States and African nations move toward a strategy of shared responsibility such that these nations are empowered to take ownership of their HIV/AIDS problem and work to solve it.

DKK 318.00
1

Rising Above the Gathering Storm - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Rising Above the Gathering Storm - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In a world where advanced knowledge is widespread and low-cost labor is readily available, U.S. advantages in the marketplace and in science and technology have begun to erode. A comprehensive and coordinated federal effort is urgently needed to bolster U.S. competitiveness and pre-eminence in these areas. This congressionally requested report by a pre-eminent committee makes four recommendations along with 20 implementation actions that federal policy-makers should take to create high-quality jobs and focus new science and technology efforts on meeting the nation's needs, especially in the area of clean, affordable energy:1) Increase America's talent pool by vastly improving K-12 mathematics and science education; 2) Sustain and strengthen the nation's commitment to long-term basic research;3) Develop, recruit, and retain top students, scientists, and engineers from both the U.S. and abroad; and4) Ensure that the United States is the premier place in the world for innovation. Some actions will involve changing existing laws, while others will require financial support that would come from reallocating existing budgets or increasing them. Rising Above the Gathering Storm will be of great interest to federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, public decision makers, research sponsors, regulatory analysts, and scholars.Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 A Disturbing Mosaic2 Why Are Science and Technology Critical to America's Prosperity in the 21st Century?3 How Is America Doing Now in Science and Technology?4 Method5 What Actions Should America Take in K–12 Science and Mathematics Education to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century?6 What Actions Should America Take in Science and Engineering Research to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century?7 What Actions Should America Take in Science and Engineering Higher Education to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century?8 What Actions Should America Take in Economic and Technology Policy to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century?9 What Might Life in the United States Be Like if It Is Not Competitive in Science and Technology?Appendix A Committee and Professional Staff Biographic InformationAppendix B Statement of Task and Congressional CorrespondenceAppendix C Focus-Group SessionsAppendix D Issue BriefsK–12 Science, Mathematics, and Technology EducationAttracting the Most Able US Students to Science and EngineeringUndergraduate, Graduate, and Postgraduate Education in Science, Engineering, and MathematicsImplications of Changes in the Financing of Public Higher EducationInternational Students and Researchers in the United StatesAchieving Balance and Adequacy in Federal Science and Technology FundingThe Productivity of Scientific and Technological ResearchInvesting in High-Risk and Breakthrough ResearchEnsuring That the United States Is at the Forefront in Critical Fields of Science and TechnologyUnderstanding Trends in Science and Technology Critical to US ProsperityEnsuring That the United States Has the Best Environment for InnovationScientific Communication and SecurityScience and Technology Issues in National and Homeland SecurityAppendix E Estimated Recommendation Cost TablesAppendix F K–12 Education Recommendations Supplementary InformationAppendix G BibliographyIndex

DKK 474.00
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Change and the 2020 Census - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Change and the 2020 Census - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Sponsored by the Census Bureau and charged to evaluate the 2010 U.S. census with an eye toward suggesting research and development for the 2020 census, the Panel to Review the 2010 Census uses this first interim report to suggest general priorities for 2020 research. Although the Census Bureau has taken some useful organizational and administrative steps to prepare for 2020, the panel offers three core recommendations, and suggests the Census Bureau take and assertive, aggressive approach to 2020 planning rather than casting possibilities purely as hypothetical. The first recommendation on research and development suggests four broad topic areas for research early in the decade. Second, the report suggest that the Bureau take an aggressive, assertive posture toward research in these priority areas. Third, it identifies the setting of bold goals as essential to underscoring the need for serious reengineering and building commitment to change. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummaryChange and the 2020 Census: Not Whether But HowReferencesAppendix A: Charge of the Panel to Review the 2010 CensusAppendix B: Site Visits by Panel Members and StaffAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and StaffCommittee on National Statistics

DKK 169.00
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Advancing Scientific Research in Education - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Advancing Scientific Research in Education - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Transforming education into an evidence-based field depends in no small part on a strong base of scientific knowledge to inform educational policy and practice. Advancing Scientific Research in Education makes select recommendations for strengthening scientific education research and targets federal agencies, professional associations, and universities—particularly schools of education—to take the lead in advancing the field. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Promoting Quality3 Building the Knowledge Base4 Enhancing Professional Development5 Summary and ConclusionReferencesAppendix A Workshop AgendasAppendix B Understanding and Promoting Knowledge Accumulation: Summary of Workshop Key PointsAppendix C Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

DKK 240.00
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Microwave Processing of Materials - Committee On Microwave Processing Of Materials: An Emerging Industrial Technology - Bog - National Academies Press

Microwave Processing of Materials - Committee On Microwave Processing Of Materials: An Emerging Industrial Technology - Bog - National Academies Press

Microwaves can be effectively used in the processing of industrial materials under a wide range of conditions. However, microwave processing is complex and multidisciplinary in nature, and a high degree of technical knowledge is needed to determine how, when, and where the technology can be most profitably utilized. This book assesses the potential of microwave technology for industrial applications, reviews the latest equipment and processing methods, and identifies both the gaps in understanding of microwave processing technology and the promising development opportunities that take advantage of this new technology's unique performance characteristics. Table of ContentsFRONT MATTEREXECUTIVE SUMMARYINTRODUCTIONMICROWAVE FUNDAMENTALSMICROWAVE SYSTEM INTEGRATIONAPPLICATION CRITERIAMICROWAVE APPLICATIONSCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSREFERENCESAPPENDIX

DKK 292.00
1

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Interest is growing in sustainable agriculture, which involves the use of productive and profitable farming practices that take advantage of natural biological processes to conserve resources, reduce inputs, protect the environment, and enhance public health. Continuing research is helping to demonstrate the ways that many factors--economics, biology, policy, and tradition--interact in sustainable agriculture systems. This book contains the proceedings of a workshop on the findings of a broad range of research projects funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The areas of study, such as integrated pest management, alternative cropping and tillage systems, and comparisons with more conventional approaches, are essential to developing and adopting profitable and sustainable farming systems.

DKK 708.00
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Temporomandibular Disorders - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Temporomandibular Disorders - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), are a set of more than 30 health disorders associated with both the temporomandibular joints and the muscles and tissues of the jaw. TMDs have a range of causes and often co-occur with a number of overlapping medical conditions, including headaches, fibromyalgia, back pain and irritable bowel syndrome. TMDs can be transient or long-lasting and may be associated with problems that range from an occasional click of the jaw to severe chronic pain involving the entire orofacial region. Everyday activities, including eating and talking, are often difficult for people with TMDs, and many of them suffer with severe chronic pain due to this condition. Common social activities that most people take for granted, such as smiling, laughing, and kissing, can become unbearable. This dysfunction and pain, and its associated suffering, take a terrible toll on affected individuals, their families, and their friends. Individuals with TMDs often feel stigmatized and invalidated in their experiences by their family, friends, and, often, the health care community. Misjudgments and a failure to understand the nature and depths of TMDs can have severe consequences - more pain and more suffering - for individuals, their families and our society. Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care calls on a number of stakeholders - across medicine, dentistry, and other fields - to improve the health and well-being of individuals with a TMD. This report addresses the current state of knowledge regarding TMD research, education and training, safety and efficacy of clinical treatments of TMDs, and burden and costs associated with TMDs. The recommendations of Temporomandibular Disorders focus on the actions that many organizations and agencies should take to improve TMD research and care and improve the overall health and well-being of individuals with a TMD. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Definitions and Scope: What Are TMDs? 3 Individual and Societal Burden of TMDs4 State of the Science on TMDs5 Caring for Individuals with a TMD6 Improving TMD Health Care: Practice, Education, Access, and Coverage7 Improving Patient, Family, and Public Education and Awareness About TMDs8 Next Steps and RecommendationsAppendix A: Workshop and Open Session AgendasAppendix B: Committee Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Commissioned Paper by Gary Slade and Justin Durham: Prevalence, Impact, and Costs of Treatment for Temporomandibular DisordersAppendix D: Masticatory System: Anatomy and Function

DKK 474.00
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Preparing for the High Frontier - Committee On Human Spaceflight Crew Operations - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Preparing for the High Frontier - Committee On Human Spaceflight Crew Operations - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) retires the Space Shuttle and shifts involvement in International Space Station (ISS) operations, changes in the role and requirements of NASA's Astronaut Corps will take place. At the request of NASA, the National Research Council (NRC) addressed three main questions about these changes: what should be the role and size of Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Flight Crew Operations Directorate (FCOD); what will be the requirements of astronaut training facilities; and is the Astronaut Corps' fleet of training aircraft a cost-effective means of preparing astronauts for NASA's spaceflight program? This report presents an assessment of several issues driven by these questions. This report does not address explicitly the future of human spaceflight.

DKK 253.00
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Assessment of Intraseasonal to Interannual Climate Prediction and Predictability - Committee On Assessment Of Intraseasonal To Interannual Climate

Assessment of Intraseasonal to Interannual Climate Prediction and Predictability - Committee On Assessment Of Intraseasonal To Interannual Climate

More accurate forecasts of climate conditions over time periods of weeks to a few years could help people plan agricultural activities, mitigate drought, and manage energy resources, amongst other activities; however, current forecast systems have limited ability on these time- scales. Models for such climate forecasts must take into account complex interactions among the ocean, atmosphere, and land surface. Such processes can be difficult to represent realistically. To improve the quality of forecasts, this book makes recommendations about the development of the tools used in forecasting and about specific research goals for improving understanding of sources of predictability. To improve the accessibility of these forecasts to decision-makers and researchers, this book also suggests best practices to improve how forecasts are made and disseminated.

DKK 428.00
1

Barriers and Opportunities for 2-Year and 4-Year STEM Degrees - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Barriers and Opportunities for 2-Year and 4-Year STEM Degrees - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Nearly 40 percent of the students entering 2- and 4-year postsecondary institutions indicated their intention to major in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in 2012. But the barriers to students realizing their ambitions are reflected in the fact that about half of those with the intention to earn a STEM bachelor's degree and more than two-thirds intending to earn a STEM associate's degree fail to earn these degrees 4 to 6 years after their initial enrollment. Many of those who do obtain a degree take longer than the advertised length of the programs, thus raising the cost of their education. Are the STEM educational pathways any less efficient than for other fields of study? How might the losses be "stemmed" and greater efficiencies realized? These questions and others are at the heart of this study. Barriers and Opportunities for 2-Year and 4-Year STEM Degrees reviews research on the roles that people, processes, and institutions play in 2-and 4-year STEM degree production. This study pays special attention to the factors that influence students' decisions to enter, stay in, or leave STEM majors—quality of instruction, grading policies, course sequences, undergraduate learning environments, student supports, co-curricular activities, students' general academic preparedness and competence in science, family background, and governmental and institutional policies that affect STEM educational pathways. Because many students do not take the traditional 4-year path to a STEM undergraduate degree, Barriers and Opportunities describes several other common pathways and also reviews what happens to those who do not complete the journey to a degree. This book describes the major changes in student demographics; how students, view, value, and utilize programs of higher education; and how institutions can adapt to support successful student outcomes. In doing so, Barriers and Opportunities questions whether definitions and characteristics of what constitutes success in STEM should change. As this book explores these issues, it identifies where further research is needed to build a system that works for all students who aspire to STEM degrees. The conclusions of this report lay out the steps that faculty, STEM departments, colleges and universities, professional societies, and others can take to improve STEM education for all students interested in a STEM degree. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Multiple STEM Pathways3 The Culture of Undergraduate STEM Education4 Instructional Practices, Departmental Leadership, and Co-Curricular Supports5 Institutional, State, and National Policies6 Leading and Sustaining Change7 Conclusions and RecommendationsAppendix A: Instructional Resources, Online Curriculum Repositories, and Situational Barriers to ChangeAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

DKK 344.00
1

Research Universities and the Future of America - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Research Universities and the Future of America - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Research Universities and the Future of America presents critically important strategies for ensuring that our nation's research universities contribute strongly to America's prosperity, security, and national goals. Widely considered the best in the world, our nation's research universities today confront significant financial pressures, important advances in technology, a changing demographic landscape, and increased international competition. This report provides a course of action for ensuring our universities continue to produce the knowledge, ideas, and talent the United States needs to be a global leader in the 21st century. Research Universities and the Future of America focuses on strengthening and expanding the partnership among universities and government, business, and philanthropy that has been central to American prosperity and security. The report focuses on the top 10 actions that Congress, the federal government, state governments, research universities, and others could take to strengthen the research and education missions of our research universities, their relationships with other parts of the national research enterprise, and their ability to transfer new knowledge and ideas to those who productively use them in our society and economy. This report examines trends in university finance, prospects for improving university operations, opportunities for deploying technology, and improvement in the regulation of higher education institutions. It also explores ways to improve pathways to graduate education, take advantage of opportunities to increase student diversity, and realign doctoral education for the careers new doctorates will follow. Research Universities and the Future of America is an important resource for policy makers on the federal and state levels, university administrators, philanthropic organizations, faculty, technology transfer specialists, libraries, and researchers. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Prologue2 National Goals and Assets3 America's Research Universities4 Threats and Weaknesses5 Action6 ConclusionBibliographyAppendixesAppendix A: Letter of Request from CongressAppendix B: Committee BiographiesAppendix C: Work of the CommitteeAppendix D: Meeting AgendasAppendix E: Focus Group Sessions: Questions and Participants

DKK 318.00
1

Flight to the Future - Panel On Human Factors In Air Traffic Control Automation - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Flight to the Future - Panel On Human Factors In Air Traffic Control Automation - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Despite the strong safety record of the national airspace system, serious disruptions occasionally occur, often as a result of outdated or failed equipment. Under these circumstances, safety relies on the skills of the controllers and pilots and on reducing the number of aircraft in the air. The current and growing pressures to increase the capacity to handle a greater number of flights has led to a call for faster and more powerful equipment and for equipment that can take over some of the tasks now being performed by humans. Increasing the role of automation in air traffic control may provide a more efficient system, but will human controllers be able to effectively take over when problems occur? This comprehensive volume provides a baseline of knowledge about the capabilities and limitations of humans relative to the variety of functions performed in air traffic control. It focuses on balancing safety with the expeditious flow of air traffic, identifying lessons from past air accidents. The book discusses * The function of the national airspace system and the procedures for hiring, training, and evaluating controllers. * Decisionmaking, memory, alertness, vigilance, sleep patterns during shift work, communication, and other factors in controllers' performance. * Research on automation and human factors in air traffic control and incorporation of findings into the system. * The Federal Aviation Administration's management of the air traffic control system and its dual mandate to promote safety and the development of air commerce. This book also offers recommendations for evaluation the human role in automated air traffic control systems and for managing the introduction of automation into current facilities and operations. It will be of interest to anyone concerned about air safety--policymakers, regulators, air traffic managers and controllers, airline officials, and passenger advocates.

DKK 448.00
1

Strategic Investments in Instrumentation and Facilities for Extraterrestrial Sample Curation and Analysis - Division On Engineering And Physical

Strategic Investments in Instrumentation and Facilities for Extraterrestrial Sample Curation and Analysis - Division On Engineering And Physical

The United States possesses a treasure-trove of extraterrestrial samples that were returned to Earth via space missions over the past four decades. Analyses of these previously returned samples have led to major breakthroughs in the understanding of the age, composition, and origin of the solar system. Having the instrumentation, facilities and qualified personnel to undertake analyses of returned samples, especially from missions that take up to a decade or longer from launch to return, is thus of paramount importance if the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is to capitalize fully on the investment made in these missions, and to achieve the full scientific impact afforded by these extraordinary samples. Planetary science may be entering a new golden era of extraterrestrial sample return; now is the time to assess how prepared the scientific community is to take advantage of these opportunities. Strategic Investments in Instrumentation and Facilities for Extraterrestrial Sample Curation and Analysis assesses the current capabilities within the planetary science community for sample return analyses and curation, and what capabilities are currently missing that will be needed for future sample return missions. This report evaluates whether current laboratory support infrastructure and NASA's investment strategy is adequate to meet these analytical challenges and advises how the community can keep abreast of evolving and new techniques in order to stay at the forefront of extraterrestrial sample analysis. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Previous Sample Return Missions and Other Collections3 Current Sample Return Missions and Near-Future Priorities Outlined in the Planetary Science Decadal Survey4 Current Laboratories and Facilities5 Current and Future Instrumentation and Investments for Extraterrestrial Sample AnalysisAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Sampling of U.S. Laboratories Engaged in Extraterrestrial Sample AnalysisAppendix C: Sampling of International Laboratories Engaged in Extraterrestrial Sample AnalysisAppendix D: Meeting AgendasAppendix E: Committee Members and Staff Biographical InformationAppendix F: Acronyms

DKK 396.00
1

Rebuilding a Real Economy - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Rebuilding a Real Economy - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The financial crisis that began in 2008 is a stark demonstration that we as a nation take great risks when we build too much of our economy on a base that does not create real value. Relying on vaporous transactions to generate wealth is no substitute for making real products and providing real services. In the 21st century, the United States and the rest of the world will face some of the greatest challenges of the modern age: feeding a growing population, generating adequate energy without destroying the environment, countering chronic and emerging infectious diseases. The first decade of the new century has shown that technological innovation is essential for the United States and other countries to meet these challenges. At the 2009 Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Engineering in Irvine, California, a public forum entitled 'Rebuilding a Real Economy: Unleashing Engineering Innovation' brought together seven prominent leaders of the innovation system to discuss the challenges facing America. The insights of the panel members cut to the heart of what this nation needs to do to remain a global leader in the turbulent world of the 21st century. This summary captures the main points made by the forum participants with the aim of encouraging further reflection and discussion. As the panelists pointed out, no single action can reenergize our innovation system. A portfolio of interconnected and interdependent initiatives must be undertaken to generate new knowledge and technology and move that new knowledge successfully into a competitive world marketplace. But the panelists clarified the goal toward which we must strive and some of the most important steps we need to take to achieve that goal. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 The Ongoing Crisis2 Key Innovation Sectors3 Policy Initiatives4 ProspectsA Forum AgendaB Panelists' Biographies

DKK 218.00
1

Improving Project Management in the Department of Energy - Manage Committee To Assess The Policies And Practices Of The Department Of Energy To Design

Improving Project Management in the Department of Energy - Manage Committee To Assess The Policies And Practices Of The Department Of Energy To Design

The U.S. Department of Energy has been at the center of many of the greatest achievements in science and engineering in this century. DOE spends billions of dollars funding projects—and plans to keep on spending at this rate. But, documentation shows that DOE's construction and environmental remediation projects take much longer and cost 50% more than comparable projects undertaken by other federal agencies, calling into question DOE's procedures and project management. What are the root causes for these problems?Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Department of Energy Projects2 Project Management3 Use of Project Reviews to Improve Execution4 Acquisition and Contracting5 Organizing for Excellence in Project ManagementAppendix A Evidence of Problems With DOE Project PerformanceAppendix B Communication of Project Costs and DurationsAppendix C Characteristics of Successful Megaprojects or Systems AcquisitionsAppendix D Biographies of Committee MembersAppendix E Committee Meetings and ActivitiesGlossaryAcronyms

DKK 396.00
1