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Ceramic Fibers and Coatings - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Ceramic Fibers and Coatings - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

High-temperature ceramic fibers are the key components of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Ceramic fiber properties (strength, temperature and creep resistance, for example)-along with the debonding characteristics of their coatings-determine the properties of CMCs. This report outlines the state of the art in high-temperature ceramic fibers and coatings, assesses fibers and coatings in terms of future needs, and recommends promising avenues of research. CMCs are also discussed in this report to provide a context for discussing high-temperature ceramic fibers and coatings.

DKK 344.00
1

Trends in Federal Support of Research and Graduate Education - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Trends in Federal Support of Research and Graduate Education - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy updated its 1999 analysis (Appendix A, Securing America's Industrial Strength, 1999) of changes since 1990 in the distribution of federal research funding by field of science and engineering) by incorporating FY 1998 and FY 1999 obligations from the NSF Federal Funds survey, with particular attention to the trends in basic research support, changes in research fields' relative dependence on research-sponsoring agencies, and the relationship between changes in research support and changes in enrollment in graduate training in selected fields of research. The Board did not recommend funding levels for any discipline but addressed procedural aspects of R&D budgeting.

DKK 344.00
1

Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine - Committee On The Long Term Health And Economic Effects Of

Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine - Committee On The Long Term Health And Economic Effects Of

Antimicrobial resistance is a health problem that threatens to undermine almost a century of medical progress. Moreover, it is a global problem that requires action both in the United States and internationally. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine discusses ways to improve detection of resistant infections in the United States and abroad, including monitoring environmental reservoirs of resistance. This report sets out a strategy for improving stewardship and preventing infections in humans and animals. The report also discusses the strength of the pipeline for new antimicrobial medicines and steps that could be taken to bring a range of preventive and therapeutic products for humans and animals to the market. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The Scope of the Problem3 The Health and Economic Burden of Resistance4 Strengthening Surveillance5 Stewardship and Infection Prevention6 Bringing New Products to Market and Ensuring Their Reach7 The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria8 A Role for the United States in Coordinated Global ActionAppendix A: Committee Member BiographiesAppendix B: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflict of InterestAppendix C: Open Session Agendas

DKK 292.00
1

Service-Learning in Undergraduate Geosciences - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Service-Learning in Undergraduate Geosciences - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The term "service-learning" generally refers to projects planned as components of academic coursework in which students use knowledge and skills taught in the course to address real needs in their communities. This kind of learning experience, which allows students to focus on critical, reflective thinking and civic responsibility, has become an increasingly popular component of undergraduate science education. In April 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned a workshop to explore the current and potential role of service-learning in undergraduate geosciences education. Participants explored how service learning is being used in geoscience education, its potential benefits, and the strength of the evidence base regarding the nature and benefits of these experiences. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 The Role of Service-Learning in the Geosciences3 Service-Learning Benefits for Students and Institutions4 Characterizing Current Service-Learning5 Looking ForwardReferencesAppendix A: Workshop Agenda and Participants ListAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and PresentersAppendix C: Resources Suggested by Participants

DKK 292.00
1

The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

It is a commonly held belief that athletes, particularly body builders, have greater requirements for dietary protein than sedentary individuals. However, the evidence in support of this contention is controversial. This book is the latest in a series of publications designed to inform both civilian and military scientists and personnel about issues related to nutrition and military service. Among the many other stressors they experience, soldiers face unique nutritional demands during combat. Of particular concern is the role that dietary protein might play in controlling muscle mass and strength, response to injury and infection, and cognitive performance. The first part of the book contains the committee's summary of the workshop, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The remainder of the book contains papers contributed by speakers at the workshop on such topics as, the effects of aging and hormones on regulation of muscle mass and function, alterations in protein metabolism due to the stress of injury or infection, the role of individual amino acids, the components of proteins, as neurotransmitters, hormones, and modulators of various physiological processes, and the efficacy and safety considerations associated with dietary supplements aimed at enhancing performance.

DKK 643.00
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Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols - Committee On Examination Of Front Of Package Nutrition Ratings Systems And Symbols - Bog -

Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols - Committee On Examination Of Front Of Package Nutrition Ratings Systems And Symbols - Bog -

The federal government requires that most packaged foods carry a standardized label--the Nutrition Facts panel--that provides nutrition information intended to help consumers make healthful choices. In recent years, manufacturers have begun to include additional nutrition messages on their food packages. These messages are commonly referred to as 'front-of-package' (FOP) labeling. As FOP labeling has multiplied, it has become easy for consumers to be confused about critical nutrition information. In considering how FOP labeling should be used as a nutrition education tool in the future, Congress directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to undertake a two-phase study with the IOM on FOP nutrition rating systems and nutrition-related symbols. The Food and Drug Administration is also a sponsor. In Phase 1 of its study, the IOM reviewed current systems and examined the strength and limitations of the nutrition criteria that underlie them. The IOM concludes that it would be useful for FOP labeling to display calorie information and serving sizes in familiar household measures. In addition, as FOP systems may have the greatest benefit if the nutrients displayed are limited to those most closely related to prominent health conditions, FOP labeling should provide information on saturated fats, trans fats, and sodium.

DKK 305.00
1

Gulf War and Health - Committee On Gulf War And Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Gulf War and Health - Committee On Gulf War And Health - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Since the United States began combat operations in Afghanistan in October 2001 and then in Iraq in March 2003, the numbers of US soldiers killed exceed 6,700 and of US soldiers wounded 50,500. Although all wars since World War I have involved the use of explosives by the enemy, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq differ from previous wars in which the United States has been involved because of the enemy's use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The use of IEDs has led to an injury landscape different from that in prior US wars. The signature injury of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars is blast injury. Numerous US soldiers have returned home with devastating blast injuries and they continue to experience many challenges in readjusting to civilian life. Gulf War and Health, Volume 9 is an assessment of the relevant scientific information and draws conclusions regarding the strength of the evidence of an association between exposure to blast and health effects. The report also includes recommendations for research most likely to provide VA with knowledge that can be used to inform decisions on how to prevent blast injuries, how to diagnose them effectively, and how to manage, treat, and rehabilitate victims of battlefield traumas in the immediate aftermath of a blast and in the long term.

DKK 472.00
1

Understanding and Predicting the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current - Gulf Research Program - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Understanding and Predicting the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current - Gulf Research Program - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

One of the most significant, energetic, yet not well understood, oceanographic features in the Americas is the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current System (LCS), consisting of the Loop Current (LC) and the Loop Current Eddies (LCEs) it sheds. Understanding the dynamics of the LCS is fundamental to understanding the Gulf of Mexico's full oceanographic system, and vice versa. Hurricane intensity, offshore safety, harmful algal blooms, oil spill response, the entire Gulf food chain, shallow water nutrient supply, the fishing industry, tourism, and the Gulf Coast economy are all affected by the position, strength, and structure of the LC and associated eddies. This report recommends a strategy for addressing the key gaps in general understanding of LCS processes, in order to instigate a significant improvement in predicting LC/LCE position, evolving structure, extent, and speed, which will increase overall understanding of Gulf of Mexico circulation and to promote safe oil and gas operations and disaster response in the Gulf of Mexico. This strategy includes advice on how to design a long-term observational campaign and complementary data assimilation and numerical modeling efforts. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Setting the Stage3 Critical Gaps and Recommendations4 Loop Current Campaign Solicitation AdviceReferencesAppendix A: Description of the Loop CurrentAppendix B: Fundamental Understanding of the Loop Current SystemAppendix C: Committee BiographiesAppendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 442.00
1

The Engineer of 2020 - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Engineer of 2020 - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

To enhance the nation's economic productivity and improve the quality of life worldwide, engineering education in the United States must anticipate and adapt to the dramatic changes of engineering practice. The Engineer of 2020 urges the engineering profession to recognize what engineers can build for the future through a wide range of leadership roles in industry, government, and academia—not just through technical jobs. Engineering schools should attract the best and brightest students and be open to new teaching and training approaches. With the appropriate education and training, the engineer of the future will be called upon to become a leader not only in business but also in nonprofit and government sectors. The book finds that the next several decades will offer more opportunities for engineers, with exciting possibilities expected from nanotechnology, information technology, and bioengineering. Other engineering applications, such as transgenic food, technologies that affect personal privacy, and nuclear technologies, raise complex social and ethical challenges. Future engineers must be prepared to help the public consider and resolve these dilemmas along with challenges that will arise from new global competition, requiring thoughtful and concerted action if engineering in the United States is to retain its vibrancy and strength. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Technological Context of Engineering Practice2 Societal, Global, and Professional Contexts of Engineering3 Aspirations for the Engineer of 20204 Attributes of Engineers in 2020EpilogueAppendix A: ScenariosAppendix B: Workshop AttendeesAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

DKK 361.00
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Reassessment of the Department of Veterans Affairs Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry - Board On Population Health And Public Health Practice

Reassessment of the Department of Veterans Affairs Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry - Board On Population Health And Public Health Practice

Beginning with the 1990–1991 Gulf War, more than 3.7 million U.S. service members have been deployed to Southwest Asia, where they have been exposed to a number of airborne hazards, including oil-well fire smoke, emissions from open burn pits, dust and sand, diesel exhaust, and poor-quality ambient air. Many service members, particularly those who served in Iraq and Afghanistan, have reported health problems they attribute to their exposure to emissions from open-air burn pits on military installations. In 2013, Congress directed the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to establish and maintain the Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit (AH&OBP) Registry to "ascertain and monitor" the health effects of such exposures. This report serves as a follow-up to an initial assessment of the AH&OBP Registry completed by an independent committee of the National Academies in 2017. This reassessment does not include any strength-of-the-evidence assessments of potential relationships between exposures to burn pits or airborne hazards and health effects. Rather, this report assesses the ability of the registry to fulfill the intended purposes that Congress and VA have specified for it. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Methods and Approach3 Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry Development and Operations4 Other Information Sources on Airborne Hazards5 Use for Etiologic Research6 Use for Population Health Surveillance7 Use to Improve Clinical Care8 Use for Informing VA Policies and Processes9 Use for Supporting Communications and Outreach10 Future Use of the AH&OBP RegistryAppendix A: Public Law 112-260Appendix B: Public Meeting AgendasAppendix C: Committee Member and Staff Biographies

DKK 279.00
1

Foundations of a Healthy and Vital Research Community for NASA Science - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog - National Academies

Foundations of a Healthy and Vital Research Community for NASA Science - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog - National Academies

The U.S. space science community includes thousands of scientists across multiple disciplines that influence and are influenced by the many engineers, technicians, and support personnel that are part of the space research enterprise. Over one-third of NASA's budget is devoted to space science, and the agency currently operates over 50 space missions in the fields of astrophysics, Earth science, solar and space physics, planetary science, and the biological and physical sciences. The strength of NASA science lies with its people, both those who work directly for the agency and the thousands of researchers and professionals who are funded by NASA grants and contracts. At the request of NASA, this report examines the foundation for healthy and vital research communities. Foundations of a Healthy and Vital Research Community for NASA Science identifies the characteristics of a healthy and vital research community, defines implementable measures for assessing the health and vitality of a research community, describes the types of data that NASA should be collecting to enable future assessments of the health and vitality of the scientific work force, and recommends best practices to improve the health and vitality of NASA's research communities. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Identifying the Characteristics of a Healthy and Vital Research Community3 Assuring Strong, Clear Science Priorities4 Ensuring a Healthy People Enterprise5 Addressing Programmatic Issues6 Implementable Measures for Assessing the Health and Vitality of NASA SMD's Research Community7 Recommending and Prioritizing Promising PracticesReferencesAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix C: Committee Biographies

DKK 208.00
1

Veterans and Agent Orange - Committee To Review The Evidence Regarding The Link Between Exposure To Agent Orange And Diabetes - Bog - National

Veterans and Agent Orange - Committee To Review The Evidence Regarding The Link Between Exposure To Agent Orange And Diabetes - Bog - National

In response to the concerns voiced by Vietnam veterans and their families, Congress called upon the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review the scientific evidence on the possible health effects of exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides. This call resulted in the creation of the first NAS Institute of Medicine Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides in 1992. The committee published its initial findings in the 1994 report Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam. This report is the result of a 1999 request from the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) under the aegis of the Veterans and Agent Orange research program. Specifically, DVA asked the committee to examine evidence regarding the association, if any, between Type 2 diabetes and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam. Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes reviews the scientific evidence regarding the association, if any, between Type 2 diabetes1 and exposure to dioxin2 and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam. This report examines, to the extent that available data permitted meaningful determinations, (1) whether a statistical association with herbicide exposure exists, taking into account the strength of the scientific evidence and the appropriateness of the statistical and epidemiologic methods used to detect the association; (2) the increased risk of the disease among those exposed to herbicides during Vietnam service; and (3) whether there is a plausible biological mechanism or other evidence of a causal relationship between herbicide exposure and the disease.

DKK 208.00
1

Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

People's bonds, associations and networks - as well as the civil, political, and institutional characteristics of the society in which they live - can be powerful drivers affecting the quality of life among a community's, a city's, or a nation's inhabitants and their ability to achieve both individual and societal goals. Civic engagement, social cohesion, and other dimensions of social capital affect social, economic and health outcomes for individuals and communities. Can these be measured, and can federal surveys contribute toward this end? Can this information be collected elsewhere, and if so, how should it be collected? Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society. With the needs of data users in mind, this report examines conceptual frameworks developed in the literature to determine promising measures and measurement methods for informing public policy discourse. The report identifies working definitions of key terms; advises on the feasibility and specifications of indicators relevant to analyses of social, economic, and health domains; and assesses the strength of the evidence regarding the relationship between these indicators and observed trends in crime, employment, and resilience to shocks such as natural disasters. Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion weighs the relative merits of surveys, administrative records, and non-government data sources, and considers the appropriate role of the federal statistical system. This report makes recommendations to improve the measurement of civic health through population surveys conducted by the government and identifies priority areas for research, development, and implementation.

DKK 344.00
1

The Importance of Chemical Research to the U.S. Economy - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Importance of Chemical Research to the U.S. Economy - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Chemistry plays a pivotal role in the strength of the U.S. economy and the advancement of humankind. Chemists' achievements include life-saving pharmaceuticals, advanced energy solutions, improved agricultural productivity, and novel materials used in products from clothing to electronic devices. The many sectors reliant on the U.S. chemical economy account for about 25% of the U.S. GDP and support 4.1 million U.S. jobs. However, a new and evolving chemistry landscape requires changes with regard to funding, training, and a focus on integrating sustainability into manufacturing, product usage, and product disposal. This report identifies strategies and options for research investments that will support U.S. leadership while considering environmental sustainability and developing a diverse chemical economy workforce with equitable opportunities for all chemistry talent. The report recommends that funding agencies and philanthropic organizations who support the chemical sciences fund as large a breadth of fundamental research projects as possible. Chemical industry and their partners at universities, scientific research institutions, and national laboratories should align the objectives of fundamental research to directly assist with new practices toward environmental stewardship, sustainability, and clean energy. Additionally, the report recommends that funding agencies make substantial investment toward education research to enable innovative ways of teaching about emerging concepts, tools and technologies. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Understanding the Economic Impacts of Chemistry3 Sustainability for the Chemical Economy4 Emerging Areas in the Chemical Sciences5 Preparing and Empowering the Next-Generation Chemical Workforce6 Funding Chemical Research7 Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Committee Member Biographical SketchesAppendix B: Request for Proposal for Economic AnalysisAppendix C: List of Open Session SpeakersAppendix D: Individual Expert InterviewsAppendix E: Call for Input from the Chemistry Community

DKK 325.00
1

Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) expanded EEO-1 data collection for reporting years 2017 to 2018 in an effort to improve its ability to investigate and address pay disparities between women and men and between different racial and ethnic groups. These pay disparities are well documented in national statistics. For example, the U.S. Census Bureau (2021) found that Black and Hispanic women earned only 63 percent and 55 percent as much, respectively, of what non-Hispanic White men earned. Evaluation of Compensation Data Collected Through the EEO-1 Form examines the quality of pay data collected using the EEO-1 form and provides recommendations for future data collection efforts. The report finds that there is value in the expanded EEO-1 data, which are unique among federal surveys by providing employee pay, occupation, and demographic data at the employer level. Nonetheless, both short-term and longer-term improvements are recommended to address significant concerns in employer coverage, conceptual definitions, data measurement, and collection protocols. If implemented, these recommendations could improve the breadth and strength of EEOC data for addressing pay equity, potentially reduce employer burden, and better support employer self-assessment. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Design and Implementation of the EEO-1 Component 2 Instrument3 Utility of Current Concepts and Alternatives4 Do All Eligible Employers Receive and Respond to the Component 2 Instrument?5 Measurement Quality6 Are Component 2 Pay Data Useful for Examining National Pay Differences?7 Are Component 2 Pay Data Useful for Investigating Individual Establishments and Local Labor Markets?8 Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Biosketches of Panel Members and Project StaffAppendix B: Data-Handling Procedures Used for Original Data AnalysisAppendix C: Data Storage, Security, and Management ProceduresAppendix D: Biosketches of Contracted Project StaffCommittee on National Statistics

DKK 377.00
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Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Committee On Treatment Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Committee On Treatment Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), constitute an important health care need of veterans, especially those recently separated from service. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence takes a systematic look the efficacy of pharmacologic and psychological treatment modalities for PTSD on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs. By reviewing existing studies in order to draw conclusions about the strength of evidence on several types of treatment, the Committee on the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder found that many of these studies were faulty in design and performance, and that relatively few of these studies have been conducted in populations of veterans, despite suggestions that civilian and veteran populations respond differently to various types of treatment. The committee also notes that the evidence is scarce on the acceptability, efficacy, or generalizability of treatment in ethnic and cultural minorities, as few studies stratified results by ethnic background. Despite challenges in the consistency, quality, and depth of research, the committee found the evidence sufficient to conclude the efficacy of exposure therapies in treating PTSD. The committee found the evidence inadequate to determine efficacy of different types of pharmacotherapies, of three different psychotherapy modalities, and of psychotherapy delivered in group formats. The committee also made eight critical recommendations, some in response to the VA's questions related to recovery and the length and timing of PTSD treatment, and others addressing research methodology, gaps in evidence and funding issues. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Methods3 Evidence and Conclusions: Pharmacotherapy4 Evidence and Conclusions: Psychotherapy5 Issues in PTSD Treatment ResearchAppendix A: PTSD Psychological InterventionsAppendix B: Search StrategyAppendix C: Measures Used in the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress DisorderAppendix D: Analysis and Interpretation of Studies with Missing DataAppendix E: AcronymsAppendix F: Agenda for Public Meeting Held by the Committee on Treatment of PTSDAppendix G: Committee Member BiographiesAppendix H: Minority Opinion of Dr. Thomas Mellman

DKK 364.00
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Promising Practices for Strengthening the Regional STEM Workforce Development Ecosystem - Policy And Global Affairs - Bog - National Academies Press -

Promising Practices for Strengthening the Regional STEM Workforce Development Ecosystem - Policy And Global Affairs - Bog - National Academies Press -

U.S. strength in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines has formed the basis of innovations, technologies, and industries that have spurred the nation's economic growth throughout the last 150 years. Universities are essential to the creation and transfer of new knowledge that drives innovation. This knowledge moves out of the university and into broader society in several ways – through highly skilled graduates (i.e. human capital); academic publications; and the creation of new products, industries, and companies via the commercialization of scientific breakthroughs. Despite this, our understanding of how universities receive, interpret, and respond to industry signaling demands for STEM-trained workers is far from complete. Promising Practices for Strengthening the Regional STEM Workforce Development Ecosystem reviews the extent to which universities and employers in five metropolitan communities (Phoenix, Arizona; Cleveland, Ohio; Montgomery, Alabama; Los Angeles, California; and Fargo, North Dakota) collaborate successfully to align curricula, labs, and other undergraduate educational experiences with current and prospective regional STEM workforce needs. This report focuses on how to create the kind of university-industry collaboration that promotes higher quality college and university course offerings, lab activities, applied learning experiences, work-based learning programs, and other activities that enable students to acquire knowledge, skills, and attributes they need to be successful in the STEM workforce. The recommendations and findings presented will be most relevant to educators, policy makers, and industry leaders. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction and Overview2 Project Context and Background3 Background on the Selected Regions4 Lessons Learned and Analysis5 Findings and RecommendationsAppendix A: Biographical Information of Committee and StaffAppendix B: Committee Meeting AgendasAppendix C: Regional Workshop Agendas and Participants ListsAppendix D: Supplemental Material on K-12 Educationand Its Role in the Regional STEM Workforce Development Ecosystem

DKK 318.00
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Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Advances in medical, biomedical and health services research have reduced the level of uncertainty in clinical practice. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) complement this progress by establishing standards of care backed by strong scientific evidence. CPGs are statements that include recommendations intended to optimize patient care. These statements are informed by a systematic review of evidence and an assessment of the benefits and costs of alternative care options. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust examines the current state of clinical practice guidelines and how they can be improved to enhance healthcare quality and patient outcomes. Clinical practice guidelines now are ubiquitous in our healthcare system. The Guidelines International Network (GIN) database currently lists more than 3,700 guidelines from 39 countries. Developing guidelines presents a number of challenges including lack of transparent methodological practices, difficulty reconciling conflicting guidelines, and conflicts of interest. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust explores questions surrounding the quality of CPG development processes and the establishment of standards. It proposes eight standards for developing trustworthy clinical practice guidelines emphasizing transparency; management of conflict of interest; systematic review--guideline development intersection; establishing evidence foundations for and rating strength of guideline recommendations; articulation of recommendations; external review; and updating. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust shows how clinical practice guidelines can enhance clinician and patient decision-making by translating complex scientific research findings into recommendations for clinical practice that are relevant to the individual patient encounter, instead of implementing a one size fits all approach to patient care. This book contains information directly related to the work of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as various Congressional staff and policymakers. It is a vital resource for medical specialty societies, disease advocacy groups, health professionals, private and international organizations that develop or use clinical practice guidelines, consumers, clinicians, and payers.

DKK 370.00
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State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences - Committee On State Of The Art And

State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences - Committee On State Of The Art And

Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction (liquefaction) is a leading cause of earthquake damage worldwide. Liquefaction is often described in the literature as the phenomena of seismic generation of excess porewater pressures and consequent softening of granular soils. Many regions in the United States have been witness to liquefaction and its consequences, not just those in the west that people associate with earthquake hazards. Past damage and destruction caused by liquefaction underline the importance of accurate assessments of where liquefaction is likely and of what the consequences of liquefaction may be. Such assessments are needed to protect life and safety and to mitigate economic, environmental, and societal impacts of liquefaction in a cost-effective manner. Assessment methods exist, but methods to assess the potential for liquefaction triggering are more mature than are those to predict liquefaction consequences, and the earthquake engineering community wrestles with the differences among the various assessment methods for both liquefaction triggering and consequences. State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences evaluates these various methods, focusing on those developed within the past 20 years, and recommends strategies to minimize uncertainties in the short term and to develop improved methods to assess liquefaction and its consequences in the long term. This report represents a first attempt within the geotechnical earthquake engineering community to consider, in such a manner, the various methods to assess liquefaction consequences. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 A Primer on Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction3 Case Histories4 The Simplified Stress-Based Approach to Triggering Assessment5 Alternative Approaches to Liquefaction Triggering Assessment6 Residual Shear Strength of Liquefied Soil7 Empirical and Semiempirical Methods for Evaluating Liquefaction Consequences8 Use of Computational Mechanics to Predict Liquefaction and Its Consequences9 Performance-Based Evaluation and Design10 RecommendationsReferencesAppendixesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: Meeting Agendas and Workshop ParticipantsAppendix C: Histograms (or parameter distributions) of Recent Liquefaction Triggering DatabasesAppendix D: General Description of Performance-Based DesignAppendix E: Glossary

DKK 448.00
1

Rising Above the Gathering Storm - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Rising Above the Gathering Storm - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In October 2005, the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine released a policy report that served as a call to action. The report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future observed that "the scientific and technological building blocks critical to the United States economic leadership are eroding at a time when many other nations are gathering strength." The report laid out 20 recommendations in four broad areas - K-12 education, science and engineering research, higher education, and economic and technology policy - and warned that a failure to take action could have dire economic consequences. Rising Above the Gathering Storm sparked intense discussion among policy makers, industrial leaders, and the general public. Five years after the release of the Gathering Storm report, a second report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm, Revisited: Rapidly Approaching Category 5, assessed changes in America's competitive posture. This report concluded that "our nation's outlook has not improved, but rather has worsened" since the Gathering Storm report was released. The report noted examples of other nations that have upgraded their investments in education, technological infrastructure, and innovation systems to a greater extent than has the United States. The ability of the states to drive innovation was the impetus behind a major workshop held in Madison, Wisconsin, on September 20-22, 2011. Titled "Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Developing Regional Innovation Environments," the workshop brought together leaders in education, government, economic development, and industrial innovation to discuss state and regional initiatives to boost competitiveness through science, technology, and innovation. The conference was organized around four major themes:- Revitalizing K-12 Science and Mathematics Education- Strengthening Undergraduate Education in Science and Engineering- Building Effective Partnerships Among Governments, Universities, Companies, and Other Stakeholders- Fostering Regional Technology Development and EntrepreneurshipRising Above the Gathering Storm: Developing Regional Innovation Environments: A Workshop Summary gives an overview of the presentations, observations, and recommendations made during the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Overview2 Revitalizing K-12 Science and Mathematics Education3 Strengthening Undergraduate Education in Science and Engineering4 Building Effective Partnerships5 Fostering Regional Technology Development and Entrepreneurship6 Final ObservationsAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Agenda Speakers and Planning Committee MembersAppendix C: Workshop Participant Roster

DKK 234.00
1

Implementing High-Quality Primary Care - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Implementing High-Quality Primary Care - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

High-quality primary care is the foundation of the health care system. It provides continuous, person-centered, relationship-based care that considers the needs and preferences of individuals, families, and communities. Without access to high-quality primary care, minor health problems can spiral into chronic disease, chronic disease management becomes difficult and uncoordinated, visits to emergency departments increase, preventive care lags, and health care spending soars to unsustainable levels. Unequal access to primary care remains a concern, and the COVID-19 pandemic amplified pervasive economic, mental health, and social health disparities that ubiquitous, high-quality primary care might have reduced. Primary care is the only health care component where an increased supply is associated with better population health and more equitable outcomes. For this reason, primary care is a common good, which makes the strength and quality of the country's primary care services a public concern. Implementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care puts forth an evidence-based plan with actionable objectives and recommendations for implementing high-quality primary care in the United States. The implementation plan of this report balances national needs for scalable solutions while allowing for adaptations to meet local needs. Table of ContentsFront MatterAbstractSummary1 A New Vision for Primary Care2 Defining High-Quality Primary Care Today3 Primary Care in the United States: A Brief History and Current Trends4 Person-Centered, Family-Centered, and Community-Oriented Primary Care5 Integrated Primary Care Delivery6 Designing Interprofessional Teams and Preparing the Future Primary Care Workforce7 Digital Health and Primary Care8 Primary Care Measures and Use: Powerful, Simple, Accountable9 Payment to Support High-Quality Primary Care10 Enhancing Research in Primary Care11 The Committee's Approach to an Implementation Strategy12 A Plan for Implementing High-Quality Primary CareAppendix A: Committee Member, Fellow, and Staff BiographiesAppendix B: Primary Care: America's Health in a New Era Report RecommendationsAppendix C: Committee's Calculations to Determine the Impact of the Decreased Density of Primary Care Physicians Between 2005 and 2015Appendix D: Three System-Level Tables of Actors and ActionsAppendix E: The Health of Primary Care: A U.S. Scorecard

DKK 448.00
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A Review of the U.S. Global Change Research Program's Draft Strategic Plan - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

A Review of the U.S. Global Change Research Program's Draft Strategic Plan - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The U.S. government supports a large, diverse suite of activities that can be broadly characterized as "global change research." Such research offers a wide array of benefits to the nation, in terms of protecting public health and safety, enhancing economic strength and competitiveness, and protecting the natural systems upon which life depends. The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), which coordinates the efforts of numerous agencies and departments across the federal government, was officially established in 1990 through the U.S. Global Change Research Act (GCRA). In the subsequent years, the scope, structure, and priorities of the Program have evolved, (for example, it was referred to as the Climate ChangeScience Program [CCSP] for the years 2002-2008), but throughout, the Program has played an important role in shaping and coordinating our nation's global change research enterprise. This research enterprise, in turn, has played a crucial role in advancing understanding of our changing global environment and the countless ways in which human society affects and is affected by such changes. In mid-2011, a new NRC Committee to Advise the USGCRP was formed and charged to provide a centralized source of ongoing whole-program advice to the USGCRP. The first major task of this committee was to provide a review of the USGCRP draft Strategic Plan 2012-2021 (referred to herein as "the Plan"), which was made available for public comment on September 30, 2011. A Review of the U.S. Global Change Research Program's Strategic Plan addresses an array of suggestions for improving the Plan, ranging from relatively small edits to large questions about the Program's scope, goals, and capacity to meet those goals. The draft Plan proposes a significant broadening of the Program's scope from the form it took as the CCSP. Outlined in this report, issues of key importance are the need to identify initial steps the Program will take to actually achieve the proposed broadening of its scope, to develop critical science capacity that is now lacking, and to link the production of knowledge to its use; and the need to establish an overall governance structure that will allow the Program to move in the planned new directions. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Conveying the Importance and Value of Global Change Research3 Global Change Versus Climate Change4 Comments on Specific Topics within Program Goals 1 - 45 Process, Structure, and Implementation IssuesReferencesAppendix A: Statement of Task for the NRC Committee to Advise the U.S. Global Change Research ProgramAppendix B: Committee Member Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Comments from Individual BASC members

DKK 240.00
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Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Hurricane- and coastal-storm-related losses have increased substantially during the past century, largely due to increases in population and development in the most susceptible coastal areas. Climate change poses additional threats to coastal communities from sea level rise and possible increases in strength of the largest hurricanes. Several large cities in the United States have extensive assets at risk to coastal storms, along with countless smaller cities and developed areas. The devastation from Superstorm Sandy has heightened the nation's awareness of these vulnerabilities. What can we do to better prepare for and respond to the increasing risks of loss?Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts reviews the coastal risk-reduction strategies and levels of protection that have been used along the United States East and Gulf Coasts to reduce the impacts of coastal flooding associated with storm surges. This report evaluates their effectiveness in terms of economic return, protection of life safety, and minimization of environmental effects. According to this report, the vast majority of the funding for coastal risk-related issues is provided only after a disaster occurs. This report calls for the development of a national vision for coastal risk management that includes a long-term view, regional solutions, and recognition of the full array of economic, social, environmental, and life-safety benefits that come from risk reduction efforts. To support this vision, Reducing Coastal Risk states that a national coastal risk assessment is needed to identify those areas with the greatest risks that are high priorities for risk reduction efforts. The report discusses the implications of expanding the extent and levels of coastal storm surge protection in terms of operation and maintenance costs and the availability of resources. Reducing Coastal Risk recommends that benefit-cost analysis, constrained by acceptable risk criteria and other important environmental and social factors, be used as a framework for evaluating national investments in coastal risk reduction. The recommendations of this report will assist engineers, planners and policy makers at national, regional, state, and local levels to move from a nation that is primarily reactive to coastal disasters to one that invests wisely in coastal risk reduction and builds resilience among coastal communities. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Institutional Landscape for Coastal Risk Management3 Performance of Coastal Risk Reduction Strategies4 Principles for Guiding the Nation's Future Investments in Coastal Risk Reduction5 A Vision for Coastal Risk ReductionReferencesAppendix A: Major U.S. Coastal Storms Since 1900Appendix B: USACE Coastal Storm Damage Reduction ProjectsAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

DKK 344.00
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