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Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Tide gauges show that global sea level has risen about 7 inches during the 20th century, and recent satellite data show that the rate of sea-level rise is accelerating. As Earth warms, sea levels are rising mainly because ocean water expands as it warms; and water from melting glaciers and ice sheets is flowing into the ocean. Sea-level rise poses enormous risks to the valuable infrastructure, development, and wetlands that line much of the 1,600 mile shoreline of California, Oregon, and Washington. As those states seek to incorporate projections of sea-level rise into coastal planning, they asked the National Research Council to make independent projections of sea-level rise along their coasts for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, taking into account regional factors that affect sea level. Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future explains that sea level along the U.S. west coast is affected by a number of factors. These include: climate patterns such as the El Niño, effects from the melting of modern and ancient ice sheets, and geologic processes, such as plate tectonics. Regional projections for California, Oregon, and Washington show a sharp distinction at Cape Mendocino in northern California. South of that point, sea-level rise is expected to be very close to global projections. However, projections are lower north of Cape Mendocino because the land is being pushed upward as the ocean plate moves under the continental plate along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. However, an earthquake magnitude 8 or larger, which occurs in the region every few hundred to 1,000 years, would cause the land to drop and sea level to suddenly rise. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Measured Global Sea-Level Rise3 Contributions to Global Sea-Level Rise4 Sea-Level Variability and Change off the California, Oregon, and Washington Coasts5 Projections of Sea-Level Change6 Responses of the Natural Shoreline to Sea-Level RiseReferencesAppendix A: Vertical Land Motion and Sea-Level Data Along the West Coast of the United StatesAppendix B: Sea-Level Rise in the Northeast Pacific OceanAppendix C: Analysis of Sea-Level Fingerprint EffectsAppendix D: Long-Term Tide Gage Stability From Leveling DataAppendix E: Cryosphere ExtrapolationsAppendix F: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix G: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 344.00
1

Testing of Body Armor Materials - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Testing of Body Armor Materials - Board On Army Science And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released the report Warfighter Support: Independent Expert Assessment of Army Body Armor Test Results and Procedures Needed Before Fielding, which commented on the conduct of the test procedures governing acceptance of body armor vest-plate inserts worn by military service members. This GAO report, as well as other observations, led the Department of Defense Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, to request that the National Research Council (NRC) Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences conduct a three-phase study to investigate issues related to the testing of body armor materials for use by the U.S. Army and other military departments. Phase I and II resulted in two NRC letter reports: one in 2009 and one in 2010. This report is Phase III in the study. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III provides a roadmap to reduce the variability of clay processes and shows how to migrate from clay to future solutions, as well as considers the use of statistics to permit a more scientific determination of sample sizes to be used in body armor testing. This report also develops ideas for revising or replacing the Prather study methodology, as well as reviews comments on methodologies and technical approaches to military helmet testing. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III also considers the possibility of combining various national body armor testing standards.

DKK 396.00
1

Progress and Priorities in Ocean Drilling: In Search of Earth's Past and Future - 2025–2035 Decadal Survey Of Ocean Sciences For The National Science

Progress and Priorities in Ocean Drilling: In Search of Earth's Past and Future - 2025–2035 Decadal Survey Of Ocean Sciences For The National Science

Research supported by scientific ocean drilling has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the planet with key contributions to the discovery and theory of plate tectonics; the formation and destruction of ocean crust; the reconstruction of extreme greenhouse and icehouse climates; the identification of major extinctions; and the discovery of a diverse community of microbes living deep ocean seafloor. With the retirement in 2024 of the JOIDES Resolution-- the U.S. dedicated drilling vessel for deep sea research and the workhorse for the international scientific ocean drilling community-- the scientific ocean drilling landscape will change. At this critical juncture, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is looking to identify the most urgent research questions that can only be answered with scientific ocean drilling and what infrastructure is needed to progress those priorities. This interim report that is the first part of a broader study of decadal survey of ocean science provides a broad perspective of future research and associated infrastructure needs. The report concludes that the rapid pace of climate change, related extreme events, sea level rise, changes in ocean currents, chemistry threatening ocean ecosystems, and devastating natural hazards are among the greatest challenges facing society. By coring the past to inform the future, U.S. based scientific ocean drilling research continues to have unique and essential roles in addressing these vital and urgent challenges. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 A Primer on Scientific Ocean Drilling3 High-Priority Science Areas: Progress and Future Needs4 Needs for Accomplishing the Science PrioritiesReferencesAppendix A: Committee Statement of TaskAppendix B: Committee Meeting Agenda and Participant ListAppendix C: Committee Biographies

DKK 208.00
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Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences - Leon Eisenberg - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences - Leon Eisenberg - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Interdisciplinary research is a cooperative effort by a team of investigators, each an expert in the use of different methods and concepts, who have joined in an organized program to attack a challenging problem. Each investigator is responsible for the research in their area of discipline that applies to the problem, but together the investigators are responsible for the final product. The need for interdisciplinary training activities has been detailed over the last 25 years in both public and private reports. The history of science and technology has even shown the important advances that arose from interdisciplinary research, including plate tectonics which brought together geologists, oceanographers, paleomagnetists, seismologists, and geophysicists to advance the ability to forecast earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In recognition of this, the need to train scientists who can address the highly complex problems that challenge us today and fully use new knowledge and technology, and the fact that cooperative efforts have proved difficult, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), the National Institute on Nursing Research (NINR), and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) requested that an Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee be created to complete several tasks including: examining the needs and strategies for interdisciplinary training in the brain, behavioral, social, and clinical sciences, defining necessary components of true interdisciplinary training in these areas, and reviewing current educational and training programs to identify elements of model programs that best facilitate interdisciplinary training. Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences provides the conclusions and recommendations of this committee. Due to evaluations of the success of interdisciplinary training programs are scarce, the committee could not specify the "necessary components" or identify the elements that "best facilitate" interdisciplinary training. However, after reviewing existing programs and consulting with experts, the committee identified approaches likely to be successful in providing direction for interdisciplinary endeavors at various career stages. This report also includes interviews, training programs, and workshop agendas used.

DKK 318.00
1

Data and Research to Improve the U.S. Food Availability System and Estimates of Food Loss - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press

Data and Research to Improve the U.S. Food Availability System and Estimates of Food Loss - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press

The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Economic Research Service's (ERS) Food Availability Data System includes three distinct but related data series on food and nutrient availability for consumption. The data serve as popular proxies for actual consumption at the national level for over 200 commodities (e.g., fresh spinach, beef, and eggs). The core Food Availability (FA) data series provides data on the amount of food available, per capita, for human consumption in the United States with data back to 1909 for many commodities. The Loss-Adjusted Food Availability (LAFA) data series is derived from the FA data series by adjusting for food spoilage, plate waste, and other losses to more closely approximate 4 actual intake. The LAFA data provide daily estimates of the per capita availability amounts adjusted for loss (e.g., in pounds, ounces, grams, and gallons as appropriate), calories, and food pattern equivalents (i.e., "servings") of the five major food groups (fruit, vegetables, grains, meat, and dairy) available for consumption plus the amounts of added sugars and sweeteners and added fats and oils available for consumption. This fiscal year, as part of its initiative to systematically review all of its major data series, ERS decided to review the FADS data system. One of the goals of this review is to advance the knowledge and understanding of the measurement and technical aspects of the data supporting FADS so the data can be maintained and improved. Data and Research to Improve the U.S. Food Availability System and Estimates of Food Loss is the summary of a workshop convened by the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council and the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine to advance knowledge and understanding of the measurement and technical aspects of the data supporting the LAFA data series so that these data series and subsequent food availability and food loss estimates can be maintained and improved. The workshop considered such issues as the effects of termination of selected Census Bureau and USDA data series on estimates for affected food groups and commodities; the potential for using other data sources, such as scanner data, to improve estimates of food availability; and possible ways to improve the data on food loss at the farm and retail levels and at restaurants. This report considers knowledge gaps, data sources that may be available or could be generated to fill gaps, what can be learned from other countries and international organizations, ways to ensure consistency of treatment of commodities across series, and the most promising opportunities for new data for the various food availability series. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Background2 The Food Availability System and Food Loss Estimates: Current Methods, Data, and Uses3 Historical and Current Uses of the Data for Economic Modeling and Reporting of Statistical Trends4 Alternative Approaches for Estimating Food Availability: International and Domestic5 Alternative Approaches for Estimating Food Loss: International and Domestic6 Wrap-UpBibliographyAppendix A: Glossary and AcronymsAppendix B: AgendaAppendix C: Workshop ParticipantsAppendix D: Biographical Sketches of Speakers and Steering Committee MembersCommittee on National StatisticsFood and Nutrition Board

DKK 312.00
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